The device demonstrated a R 2 correlation value of 0.998 when comparing measurements to the reported impedance values of the benchtop instrumentation. Translatability of the sensor was shown with a portable form factor device, demonstrating a comparable dynamic range and limit of detection for the sensor. Continuous dosing studies were performed during which the sensor was able to discriminate between four cortisol concentration ranges (0.5, 5, 50, 500 ng/mL) for a 3+ hour duration. A specificity study was conducted using a metabolite expressed in human sweat, Ethyl Glucuronide. The sensor demonstrated a dynamic range from 1–500 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 1 ng/mL. Sensing was achieved by measuring impedance changes associated with cortisol binding along the MoS 2 nanosheet interface using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The MoS 2 nanosheets were surface functionalized with cortisol antibodies towards developing an affinity biosensor specific to the physiological relevant range of cortisol (8.16 to 141.7 ng/mL) in perspired human sweat. Low volume (1–5 μL) sensing was achieved through use of a novel sensor stack design comprised of vertically aligned metal electrodes confining semi-conductive MoS 2 nanosheets. A non-faradaic label-free cortisol biosensor was demonstrated using MoS 2 nanosheets integrated into a nanoporous flexible electrode system.
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